Cultural Retention in the Caribbean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Retention in the Caribbean - Essay Example This paper advises that to Sheridan’s account, the sugar unrest, which was generally apparent throughout the entire existence of Barbados, had caused the re-migration of whites to different settlements and had acquired subjugated Africans in expanded numbers. As abused people groups have consistently had the option to hold parts of their social conventions, maybe, in light of the fact that it is their most fundamental method of protection from mistreatment, African culture stays solid in the Caribbean regardless of the meddlesome social powers of globalization †for instance, â€Å"the huge impact of the US mass media†. As Hillman has depicted: â€Å"†¦ since forever, the individuals of the Caribbean have been occupied with courageous battles to free themselves from the structures and abuse of expansionism, bondage, dominion, neocolonialism, and dependency†. As indicated by Brodber, the advocacy of Justin Hinds’ ‘Carry Go Bring Come’ †a tune of obstruction against Western oppression as ambient sounds at the political social occasions of the resistance during the 1966-1967 political race - has exhibited music can be a viable instrument for the stiring of dark cognizance. This has roused youthful vocalists to valiantly communicate their emotions prompting the promotion of ‘Africanized’ tunes in Jamaica. What made these tunes Africanized isn't just their substance which straightforwardly convince their audience members to acknowledge the Rastafarian idea of dark history †the predominant topic of Bob Marley’s music that has been increasing worldwide acknowledgment up till today †just as their melodic structures, which are unmistakably African: the beat (clave-cadenced example), methods (melisma and warble), kinds (blues, jazz, salsa, zouk, and rumba), instruments (drums, cut gongs, clatters, twofold ringers) and style (merry and participatory). In his investigation of African music , Merriam credited the most exceptional quality of African music to â€Å"its accentuation upon rhythm†¦ upon a percussive idea of melodic performance†¦ concurrent utilization of at least two meters†¦ utilization of hand-applauding as†¦ backup to song†¦ nearness of membranophones and idiophones as remarkable instruments of the ensemble, percussive inflection and attack†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Factors of Social Business Strategy †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Factors of Social Business Strategy. Answer: Presentation: The case Qantas Airlines: Twitter Nosedive discusses loads that the carrier gone facing in the previous years. Beginning late the affiliation made a web based life blooper announcing a Twitter challenge disregarding the horrible circumstance the affiliation is to redress now. For the baffled clients, it was a wonderful chance to communicate their choice out in the open. The fruitless rivalry brought a ton of thought, yet not in the way Qantas would want. The negative assessment was spread and in like manner the expansive society impression of the affiliation was harmed. This investigation would cover the fundamental issues looked by the association and how such circumstances can be maintained a strategic distance from in future. We may perceive the critical issues related to the correspondence plan through the long range interpersonal communication destinations. The supervisory group needs to fathom the fundamental needs and demands of the customers at the basic stage. It will be ade quately valuable in arranging the future needs of the association. In 2011, the authority of Government and Corporate Affairs at Qantas Airlines, Olivia Wirth, was resisted with a web based life related circumstance that radiated an impression of being wild. Qantas ran an opposition via web-based networking media, Twitter, offering 50 arrangements of Qantas choice night robe and an extravagance enhancement unit for general society to win as a prize. They ought to have, no doubt held up with the opposition until the circumstance is in charge. Instead of taking an interest in the opposition, the general open utilized this opposition as a stage on Twitter to obnoxiously assault the carrier and passed on their negative thoughts about the aircraft via web-based networking media. The general people in like way made a YouTube video spoof that explored the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Qantas Airlines for their weakness to see how to converse with people when everything is said and done to communicate their sadness. The negative inclination was spread along these lines the general open photograph of the affiliation was harmed. The negative remarks began from how the affiliation was experiencing issues with the particular state of airplanes and issues concerning achieving a concurrence with work associations that brief taking everything into account developing the armada for a few days. Legitimately the affiliation needs to confront the issues of the negative picture. Olivia Wirth must make a game plan of activities to counter the restriction of the carrier on the online life stage and its plunging notoriety of its aircraft among the general masses to recuperate its aircrafts' photograph as the best carrier in Australia and the pride of the nation. Proposals There are several activities that Qantas Airlines could welcome later on with a specific genuine goal to shield a relative debacle from happening again and to build up a positive open impression of the aircraft's solid image name in the nation. As an issue of first importance, Olivia Wirth should change the group liable for the opposition and advertising. They were not checking the announcements. They didn't do the examination that their affiliation had a poor picture when the opposition has started. Legitimately we can't change the past yet later on every choice ought to be totally viewed as twice. They should complete the opposition as snappy as could be typical considering the present circumstance. They need to pick the victor, be that as it may, attempt not making it loud so the entire thing would calm down rapid. On the off chance that they utilize web based life correspondence, later on, they should make individuals rather than robots responsible for what is showing up there. T he affiliation should concentrate on redesigning the correspondence with general society with web based life. Acquiring skilled stuff or re-appropriating would be a not all that awful alternative. Wirth ought to have supported managing specific armada control right away. The greater part of the Boeings and their motors ought to be 100% useful. By then Qantas carriers ought to announce that flying with their aircrafts is totally protected and that the conditions from the past will never happen again. They should show the new game-plan of airplane controls. Each quarter the armada will be checked, and the reports on their particular condition will be readied. Individuals should consider those activities since it will incite voyagers feeling magnificent about flying with Qantas. By then the showcasing and correspondences group ought to have supported to have great relations with associations and to stay away from such conditions later on. On the off chance that they should have ordinary relations with those affiliations they could intervene to settle tense condition before there is nothing left than to strike about. Carriers ought to deal with the relationship with their workers and associations. For, truly, they considered reality that the strike is a quick result of an inappropriate estimations made (20 million reliably) and they couldn't effectively dodge it. They should make an energetic move and expect commitment for the explorers who were influenced. On the off chance that they keep those occasions, pure and simple later on Qantas won't lose any clients for trade carriers for example Virgin and affiliation picture will remain positive. Elements to Consider When Using Social Media Two most significant variables to consider when utilizing online networking are: Causing one reasonable social administration to show that structures and portrays assistants that are responsible for the methodology, association and movement of a foundation would bolster the social business strategy (Treem Leonardi, 2013). There is a gigantic advantage in knowing the course where we are going. It's not adequate to have objectives set up; there is progressively over the need to have a drawn out vision that passes on to everybody inside the organization on why something is going on and the advantage it brings (Bolton et al., 2013) It is fundamental to characterize a dream for the future representatives and clients that would show up with the internet based life system, so a reason and course can be given (Afshar, 2013). Correspondence Template 1.Timing Beginning from now such data ought to be discharged each quarter. Plainly now when carriers are confronting monster issues, this data ought to be discharged reliably. 2.Audience All individuals who will keep being with us, Qantas ought to connect with them through broad communications and internet based life. Twitter, Facebook, Qantas site are the rule course of correspondence. Unsatisfied clients particularly the individuals who are dynamic on the online life 3.Sender Olivia Wirth 4.Key Message Your security is our need. We promise you will be on time any place you require. We are changing for better. 5.Desired Outcome Rising trust in flying with Qantas. We needn't mess with our clients to feel that we are hopeless ceaselessly in any case they should see that we are taking activities to improve administration and spread any bothers. Better relationship with people in general. Improved correspondence. 6.Medium Internet based life, appropriately. 7.Materials Review reports, records identified with hierarchical updates. 8.Frequency In the first place more intensely and afterward every quarter. This investigation secured the principle issues looked by the association and how such circumstances can be kept away from in future. We may perceive the huge issues related to the correspondence plan through the person to person communication destinations. The supervisory crew needs to appreciate the basic needs and demands of the customers at the fundamental stage. It will be adequately helpful in sorting out the future needs of the association. Furthermore, if the association can ensure the significant overhauls for the business, it will satisfy the customer wishes in a convincing manner. Arranging the back to back correspondence plan will be valuable to achieve this explanation. References Treem, J. W., Leonardi, P. M. (2013). Online networking use in associations: Exploring the affordances of perceivability, editability, ingenuity, and association.Annals of the International Communication Association,36(1), 143-189. Bolton, R. N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., Kabadayi, S., Gruber, T., ... Solnet, D. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their utilization of web-based social networking: an audit and research agenda.Journal of Service Management,24(3), 245-267. Afshar, V. (2013). The Seven Success Factors of Social Business Strategy [INFOGRAPHIC]. The Huffington Post. Recovered 5 May 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/vala-afshar/the-seven-achievement factors_b_3677185.html

Flu shots

Flu shots Last Thursday, MIT Medical had a walk-in clinic at Walker, where MIT community members could walk in and get a flu shot. I was initially a bit reluctant to get the flu shot, because needles and injections terrify me, you know? I hated going to the doctor to get vaccines. I know they’re good for me, sure. I know how necessary they are. But I was really scared to get the shot because I’ve had really bad experiences with injections in the past. A bunch of people in our hall told me to get the shot. It’s really quick, they said.  The person giving me the shot last year even talked to me throughout so that I was distracted, they said. It’s not that bad. Well, it really wasn’t. During my lunch break, I went to Walker, and three minutes later, I got my flu shot. And I was awed. The flu shot clinic was one of the coolest things I’ve seen since I got here, and that’s high praise when you’re studying somewhere as cool as MIT. Let me explain why. Make a guess for how many people got their flu shots that day. The clinic was held for ten hours. How many? A thousand? Two thousand? Five thousand? For reference, in 2017 they had 7,500 in a single day, and in 2018 they had around 4,000. This year, MIT Medical gave out numbered stickers for each person they shot, going from 00001 and counting up. One of my friends on the floor I live in stuck his sticker on his door: The yellow sticker here was last year’s sticker. The red sticker was this year’s, and his number was 2,407. That means at least two thousand people got a flu shot. Later that day, during my 8.022 (Physics II) class, our professor was wearing his sticker. It was numbered somewhere in the three thousands. He reminded all of us to get our flu shots after the class if we haven’t yet. Here’s my sticker: The hallway on our floor has a door, and behind it were some more stickers that some of our residents put up: Seven thousand.  Eight thousand. In fact, the last number they gave out was  9,378. That’s an  insane number. Think about it. The clinic was open from 8 AM to 6 PM. That’s ten hours. And over nine thousand people got the flu shot. That’s about one shot every four seconds. the only reason i am blogging about this is to bring out this 2007 memeYou might even argue that maybe they skipped some numbers, maybe due to human error. True, but it’s still pretty likely at least nine thousand people were given shots that day. You might argue that there’s a lot of staff. Then consider it from the other perspective: most of the people I knew got in and went out in as fast as three minutes. The longest wait time I heard from my friends was around ten minutes, almost all of which was waiting in line. That’s fast. That’s insanely fast. The problem isn’t hard to state. How do you give flu shots to as many people as possible as fast as possible? I’m no expert, but I feel like their success was a combination of a really well-planned system and effective publicity. Here’s a sketch of how I remember the clinic to look like. It’s probably inaccurate, it’s missing a lot of details, but it’s already too complicated so I’m just going to give this: i spent too much time working on this rather than my psets To follow the picture, start from the bottom01 perhaps the graphic is not as well-designed as the flu shot clinic and continue upward. The largest contribution to the speed is probably the queueing system. The entire thing is a single queue up until step 5 in the above diagram, where you get sent to line up in front of one of the roughly eight table groups. Each table group had three tables. You then get sent to one of the tables, and someone types up your form. There are two people giving shots at each table, and as soon as one of them’s done, you sit down and get your shot. The queueing system felt so  organized. In the beginning, it’s a quick single file. It’s not like a line for a rollercoaster, which moved in bursts. This line was constantly moving, which helped make the clinic  feel fast. There also weren’t any bottlenecks, because as soon as you get assigned to a table group, you’ll get a shot soon after. Another cool thing about it is all the little details that make the experience so smooth. For example, when I came to the clinic, one of staff outside was shouting flu shot season! in a cheerful, singsong voice. That made me feel pretty welcomed. A sign also indicated how short the wait time was, which helped convince me to line up: image: MIT Medical There are copious amounts of signs and posters all the way through the route. There were also a lot of barriers set up, so there was really only one way to go throughout the whole process. The table groups were numbered with big balloons rather than tiny paper signs, so they were easy to spot. It felt very intuitive. The publicity is also amazing. The framing of the event was brilliant:  help us break a new record. Borrowing language from one of my favorite books, Made to Stick, it’s a very sticky tagline. Putting numbers on the stickers was a brilliant move as well; it made me feel like I was contributing to the record. It’s the kind of campaign that might not succeed elsewhere, but MIT Medical knew their audience. And it worked. And that’s not even the entire picture. It’s so cool you could write a whole paper about it. In fact, one of the upperclassmen on our floor  did write a paper on last year’s flu clinic, for one of her classes last year. I think my point wasn’t just to hype about how mind-bogglingly efficient the flu shot clinic is, or the ingenious publicity behind it, but the fact that people thought about this.  The people at MIT Medical didn’t only want to give flu shots. They wanted to give it in the most efficient way possible, to as many people as possible. They’re committed to make flu shots better and better with each year. That’s the kind of commitment you’ll find here at MIT, when people work to optimize something as seemingly trivial as flu shots. Sure, there are a lot of things here that could be better. A lot of things just downright suck. But there’s glints of effective, thought-out design everywhere, from campus tours, to signage, to hacking. It gives me hope that the things that suck will get better. If you missed the flu shot clinic last Thursday, they’re doing one more on Monday, October 21, from 2 PM to 6 PM at the Student Center. From October 22 to November 25, you can schedule an appointment for a shot at MIT Medical by calling their flu line 617-253-486. perhaps the graphic is not as well-designed as the flu shot clinic back to text ?

Family structures and roles - 1241 Words

Family structures and roles We use the word role today meaning a function or part played in life. As a member of a family or a work situation the roles we have in life depend on the situation we are in at the time. I myself am a wife, a mother, a daughter, a care assistant, a student and a friend. As you can see I have many different roles in my everyday living. The main role in my life will be the role within my family unit. This project will look at the roles of members in a family unit and how this has changed over the last 25-50 years. Nuclear family The roles within the nuclear family used to be the father being the main provider and working long hours to support his family and the mother looked after the children and the home.†¦show more content†¦This itself can become a huge task especially if there is no immediate family around to offer support Single parents have become more popular in today s society for a variety of reasons. There are more women than men who take on the role of the single parent but it is probably a harder role for a man to cope with. A mans role in life is seen to be masculine; they define themselves by their work role. Single fatherhood requires men to look at their priorities around workShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Family Structure And Youth Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesthe home. Not all families are nuclear families consisting of a mother and father. Some families are single parent families where there is only one parent or even extended families, meaning daughters, sons, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and so on. Families go through many trials and tribulations. Some events can be tremendously disruptive for everyone within that family or household. According to Kierkus and Hewitt (2009)â€Å"Children raised in traditional, two-parent families experience a lower riskRead MoreGender Roles And Its Impact On The Family Structure1661 Words   |  7 Pagespaper I will discuss gender role and its impact on inequality. I will discuss gender inequality and its impact on creating as well demolishing families. I will mention different family structures and how gender roles have changed throughout time. I will explain how feminism has given opportunities to women and in effect transformed the family structure. First let me define gender. Gender is composed of three parts: biology, gender roles, and sexuality. Gender roles are the behaviors, attitudesRead MoreThe Roles Of Family Communication And Family Structure : Personal Communication786 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Structure The structure of a family embodies the way members relate to each other, the roles they establish within the family unit, and the means in which they communicate (Kaakinen et al., 2015). Over time, the need to reconfigure these roles becomes necessary. According to Kaakinen et al. (2015), the ability to adapt to these changes and communicate effectively play a key role in achieving a healthy outcome. Prior to this assessment, Jackson and Shelby had supported a democratic leadershipRead MoreParsons And Bales : Family Structure And Gender Roles1684 Words   |  7 PagesParsons and Bales’ piece on family (written during 1955) is notable for being one of the first studies on family dynamics. Parsons and Bales expressed confidence that family structure will attain long term stability through universal â€Å"modern† reconfiguration which incorporated a nuclear family structure and gender role specialization. Although, specific socioeconomic conditions during the 1950’s permitted this family structure to work, by the 1980’s this organization of the family would prove unstable.Read MoreGender Roles And Socialization : Family Structure Portrayal And Parent Child Interactions2297 Words   |  10 Pagesto gender roles and socialization, family structure portrayal and parent-child interactions across the board. In The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, the audienc e was introduced to a new nuclear family. This seemed like the new norm as some would call it ideal because there was an evident decline from the traditional extended family. During the 1940’s and 1950’s, families were always diverse. Comparing their family style to that of the Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, the idea of a nuclear family was acceptedRead MoreBeing A Perfect Family System Within The Realms Of Human Nature935 Words   |  4 PagesThere is no existence of a perfect family system within the realms of human nature. In fact, it is common place for struggles to be encountered and as such through strife comes growth. Granted this pertains to the typical life occurrences, as unexpected deaths, employment changes, environmental adjustments, and social influences brought on by sociological shifts. These normally are short lived in comparison to more traumatic events such as substance abuse as an example. The SAMHSA (2004) notes thatRead MoreThe Idea Of â€Å"Familyâ⠂¬  Holds Various Meanings For Everyone1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of â€Å"family† holds various meanings for everyone depending on their rituals, symbols, ideology, and situatedness in time, place, and culture. A biologist may define family as a group involving all descendants of a common ancestor. A criminologist may define family as a group of people united in criminal activity. A sociologist may define family as a fundamental social group in society consistent of one or two parents and the children they raise. Historically, people have considered a nuclearRead MoreNuclear Family: Definition, Advantages Disadvantages993 Words   |  4 Pageselsewhere, assess the view that the nuclear family is no longer the norm. 24 marks The traditional nuclear family is defined as being a family consisting of a heterosexual couple with 2 or more dependent children (own or adopted) with a clear division of labour. Meaning the men are the instrumental role (breadwinner) and the women are the expressive role (domestic and caring/childcare). Over time this has changed and the nuclear family as become less dominant, some sociologistsRead MoreEssay Family Power Debate1405 Words   |  6 PagesFAMILY POWERBASE IS DETERMINED BY THE FAMILY STRUCTURE MODERATOR (Nancy):   I am Nancy, moderator for Team C debate.  Ã‚   Family structure is different in every family. The  family  has consensus over who has the ultimate say on the day to day  decisions. Present day family has very complex type of structure which affects the powerbase determination. A family consisting of a mother (female), father (male), and a child or two will have a very different power base than a family consisting of twoRead MoreStructural Differences Between Tubz And The Rest Of The Tubulin Family1213 Words   |  5 PagesDetailed Focus Question: What role do the structural changes in GTPase domains between TubZ and the rest of the Tubulin family play in the function of TubZ in plasmids and bacteriophages? Introduction - Before examining the structural differences between TubZ and the rest of the Tubulin family, it will be necessary to give background on both. Specifically, what Tubulin is and the common characteristics of the Tubulin family, Tubulin’s role in the cell, what TubZ is, what it’s role is, and what similarities

The Manhattan Project - 1519 Words

The process of building the two atomic bombs was long and hard. The Manhattan project employed 120,000 people, and cost almost $2 billion. Although there were 120,000 Americans working on the project only a select group of scientist knew of the atomic bomb development. Vice president Truman never knew about the development of the bombs until he became president. The axis powers did not know what was going on with the development of the atomic bomb; there was a soviet spy in the project. The soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs, and he had become one of the few people who knew of the bombs. In the summer of 1945 Robert Oppenheimer was prepared to test the first atomic bomb. Which was July 16, 1945 the bomb was tested. The bomb was tested at the†¦show more content†¦The bomb exploded with the power of 22,000 tons of TNT and 70,000 people died in 1945 from the bomb. The first bomb in Hiroshima killed 140,000 people by the end of 1945. The explosion its self killed 80,000 people instantly. The other major toll the bomb took on the city was the fact that it had killed 60,000 people in the next five years due to sickness from radiation from the bomb. The second bomb Fat Man killed 70,000 people by the end of 1945. Fat man killed 39,000 people instantly but left 25,000 people injured from the blast. If people who had cancer from the radiation that adds close to another 100,000 people who died from the second bombs. In the next five years 140,000 people died from sickness due to the bomb. In total in the five years after the bombs exploded 210,000 people died from effects from the bomb. Dropping the atomic bombs was not any easy choice. There were many people involved in the decision, however the president, Truman was completely responsible for the dropping of the bombs. Truman was the only person who could give the ‘ok’ for dropping the bombs. The president did have a council of war advisers who could help him look at the cost and benefits of the bomb, the cost, and time it would take to get ready for use. By the time Truman took over his presidency the bombs had been undergoing a lot of progress. Truman was never told about the bombs being built for use until he took over as president. The dropping ofShow MoreRelatedThe Manhattan Project1114 Words   |  5 PagesThe Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was to see if making an atomic bomb possible. The success of this project would forever change the world forever making it known that something this powerful can be manmade. The Manhattan Project’s success was something that had an impact on everybody involved since they helped create something with so much destructive power it could destroy a city within seconds. The University of Chicago in Illinois had a huge role with the making of the atomic bombRead MoreThe Manhattan Project568 Words   |  2 Pagesneutral so it sent suicide bombers to attack our naval base in Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Thus leading into the use of the atomic bomb, but first the construction, an event referred to as the Manhattan Project. The name Manhattan Project came about because the program began under the Manhattan Engineering District of the War Department. Early 1939, the scientist of the world learned that German scientist had discovered a way to spit a uranium atom, created a bomb that was capable of the destructionRead MoreOutline Of The Manhattan Project1621 Words   |  7 Pages The Manhattan Project Jervontae Young Mr.Davis English III 16 october 2017  Outline Thesis Statement: The Manhattan Project was the American program for researching and developing the first atomic bombs because of the project it cost a lot of people their lives. Introduction Which President form the Atomic Bomb in why? The agencies leading up to the Manhattan Project were first formed in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt U.S. intelligence operatives reported that scientists workingRead MoreThe Manhattan Project : The York Project2877 Words   |  12 PagesHonors - Period 3 30 November 2014 The Manhattan Project Everyone has secrets, even the U.S. Government. The Manhattan project was one of the many secrets the Government kept from the United States until after the damage was done. What was the Manhattan Project? The manhattan project was a multi-billion dollar enterprise, 2.2 billion to be exact, that provided U.S. Military forces with the single most destructive weapon known to man; the atomic bomb. The project was to be a kept at high secrecy fromRead MoreEssay on Manhattan Project1664 Words   |  7 Pagesamp;quot;The Manhattan Projectamp;quot;. On Monday July 16th, 1945, a countdown for the detonation of the first atomic bomb took place near Los Alamos, New Mexico. This atomic bomb testing would forever change the meaning of war. As the atomic bomb was detonated it sent shock-waves all over the world. There was endless research done on the bomb in the United States. The research was called amp;quot;The Manhattan Engineer District Projectamp;quot; but it was more commonly known as qu ot;The Manhattan ProjectRead MoreThe Manhattan Project Essay545 Words   |  3 PagesThe Manhattan Project was a very important event throughout the World War II history. It began the development of the atomic bomb and other nuclear weapons that were of good help during the war. It first began with a German scientist separating the uranium atom, which made people be scared of what Hitler might be capable of. Also Hitler and his people had begun discovering new types of weapons that were useful for them in the war. Something that apparently Hitler did not quite think about, was theRead MoreThe Manhattan Project Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThe world was shocked when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan in 1945. The bombs were a result of years of research and testing completed by the nation’s top physicists in a top-secret project called the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a crucial development by the United States because it quickly ended the war with Japan. In August 1939, Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard drafted the Einstein-Szilard letter to send to President Roosevelt. The letter outlined the needRead More The Manhattan Project Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atomic Bomb The research for the first Atomic bomb took place in the United States, by a group of nuclear engineers; the name of this research was called, â€Å"The Manhattan Project†. On July 16, 1945, the detonation of the first atomic bomb was tested near Los Alamos, New Mexico. As the atomic bomb was detonated, it sent shock-waves across the globe, which demonstrated that nuclear power would forever change the meaning of war. To create a nuclear bomb, nuclear fission must occur. The processRead More The Manhattan Project Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesThe Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was the code name of the America’s attempt to construct an atomic bomb during World War II. It was named after the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, because a lot of it’s earlier research was done in New York City. An atomic bomb is a weapon that uses the energy from a nuclear reaction called Fission for its destruction. The idea that mass could be changed into energy was predicted by Albert Einstein in the earlierRead MoreEssay on The Manhattan Project1934 Words   |  8 Pages Before the Manhattan Project, in the beginning there were many advancements in understanding made in the world of physics. These resulted in the recognition of nuclear fission and its potential as an energy source and as a potential weapon. Of these advancements none was more central and important than the development of the nuclear model of the atom, which by the year of 1932 contained a nucleus containing most of the mass of an atom in the form of two particles, protons and neutrons. This nucleus

End User Free Essays

End user database Description A simple, searchable online database made up of structured records whose content Is generated by the participants. The records normally contain personal Information relating to a set of individuals. The database is self-perpetuating in that in order to access It, participants are usually made to submit their own information. We will write a custom essay sample on End User or any similar topic only for you Order Now Usually incorporates instant messaging capability for connecting participants based on a match. Purpose The purpose of this method Is to ‘find’ others with matching needs or take control ever your data. For example, matching interests in order to connect or trade. Participants benefit from being able to use a single touch point for identifying matches and are able to compare offers from a pool of potentially similar records. Improves the likelihood of success through pre-vetting. Strengths * Can offer anonymity while retaining high levels of personal detail and control over how these are shared (I. E. Citizen held records). * May include advanced testing to determine compatibility or matches between participants and records. Useful research tool, e. G. For determining average prices. Weaknesses * There is often a charge to access the database. * Sometimes there can be a stigma associated with being on a private database (e. G. If participants are looking to date). * Can soon become out of date and usefulness out of perspective it inactive records are not deleted. End users are those persons who interact with the application directly. They are responsible to Insert, delete and update data in the database. They get Information from the system as and when required. Types: a) Direct users: Direct users are the users who SE the computer, database system directly, by following instructions provided in the user interface. They interact using the application programs already developed, for getting the desired result. E. G. People at railway reservation counters, who directly Interact with database. B) Indirect users: Indirect users are those users, who desire benefit from the work of DB’S Indirectly. They use the outputs generated by the programs, for decision making or any other purpose. They are Just concerned with the output and are not bothered about the programming part. There are several categories of end users: 1 . Casual end users occasionally access the database, but they may need different information each time. They use a sophisticated database query language to specify their requests and are typically middle- or high-level managers or other occasional browsers. 2. Naive or parametric end users make up a sizable portion of database end users. Their main job function revolves around constantly querying and updating the Off database, using standard types to queries and updates-called canned transactions- that have been carefully programmed and tested. The tasks that such users perform are varied: Bank tellers check account balances and post withdrawals and deposits. Reservation clerks fur airlines, hotels, and car rental companies check availability for a given request and make reservations. Clerks at receiving stations for courier mail enter package identifications via bar codes and descriptive information through buttons to update a central database of received and in-transit packages. 3. Sophisticated end users include engineers, scientists, business analysts, and others who thoroughly familiarize themselves with the facilities of the DB’S so as to implement their applications to meet their complex requirements. 4. Stand-alone users maintain personal databases by using ready-made program packages that provide easy-to-use menu-based or graphics-based interfaces. An example is the user of a tax package that stores a variety of personal financial data for tax purposes. How to cite End User, Papers

Twelfth Night Essays (1253 words) - Cross-dressing In Literature

Twelfth Night In the Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare, the function of Feste the clown appears inconsequential, but in actuality his role has immense significance in the overall educational development of the other characters. During the seasonal holiday revelry in which this play takes place, the clown is used as an independent observer that exploits the asinine actions and the faults of the other characters. Shakespeare's contrast of Feste's true wit with the unconscious and actual foolishness of the others is the focal contribution of his role to the factual insight of this play. Feste doesnt make his appearance in the play until the fifth scene of act I. It is during his conversation with Maria that introduces him to the reader and unveils the fool purpose and contribution to the play, which is revealed through an aside: Wit, ant be thy will, put me in good fooling! Those wits that think they have thee, do very oft prove fools, and I that am sure lack thee may pass for a wise man. For what says Quinapalus? Better a witty fool than a foolish wit(1.5:32-36) These lines indicate that Feste's presence is not merely comic relief through inane acts and show that the role of the fool requires much intelligence. Feste is also able to recognize and criticize the fools subject to foolery, the self-proclaimed wits who are not witty at all. Since it is their lack of self-knowledge that makes them fools. This subject of self-knowledge or lack thereof is pervasive throughout the comedy as it contributes to the image of love as folly. Feste's contribution to the revelation of the underlying theme of love is essential to the understanding of the play's messages. The clown's most profound comments often take the form of a song: O mistress mine, where are you roaming? O stay and hear, your true love's coming, That can sing both high and low. Trip no further, pretty sweeting, Journeys end in lovers meeting, Every wise man's son doth know. What is love? 'Tis not hereafter, Present mirth hath present laughter. What's to come is still unsure. In delay there lies no plenty, Then come kiss me, sweet and twenty. Youth's a stuff will not endure. (2.3:39-52) This song is performed at the ardent requests from Sir Toby and Sir Andrew for a love-song. The song depicts the events of Twelfth Night itself. Feste clearly foreshadows the events that will occur later in the play. When he speaks of journeys ending in lovers meeting, he hints at the resolution in which several characters are married. The song also echoes the merriment of the season and how the uncertainty of what's to come shouldn't be disquieting, but instead a driving force to take life as it comes and to live life to the fullest possibilities. In the scene with the clown's first song, since it involves dialogue between Feste and Sir Andrew, is quite ironic. It is ironic because the licensed fool is actually no fool at all and the true fool, Sir Andrew, is the character who provides most of the entertaining comedy through his idiocy. It is this interaction that reveals two kinds of fools, the conscious and the unconscious fool. In Twelfth Night it is the unknowing fools that prov ide the actual comedy, while the wise Feste adds insight to the greater meaning of the play. It is by his acting like a fool that Feste gains the privilege to speak the truth of the people around him. Through these truths, which are directed jokingly at another, Feste's keen perception of others emerges. Feste's intuitions and insights are comparable only to the perceptions of Viola. Both characters are the only ones who are involved in both houses, Orsino's and Olivia's, they rival each other in their respective knowledge of the events that are taking place at the two settings. Strangely, Viola is the only character who recognizes Feste's true intelligence: This fellow is wise enough to play the fool, and to do that craves a kind of wit. He must observe their mood on whom he jests, the quality of persons, and the time, and, like the haggard, check at every feather that comes before his eye. This is a practice as full of

anarchism essays

anarchism essays The aim of this essay is to explain Anarchism and to comprehend if it is a political ideology. There are a lot of anarchist thinkers and ordinary people which believe that anarchism is not a political ideology is only a theory in contradiction to the others which believe that anarchism is a political ideology because it is based upon ideas and values that a group of people believe and fight for. An ideology is more or less coherent set of ideas, which provide the basis for an organized political society. However, it is essential to go back and look at anarchism roots, ideas, historical arguments etc, to deepen into this human political theory that is connected with societal behavior and function. Anarchism is an ideology that regards abolition of government as the necessary precondition for a free and just society. The term itself comes from the Greek words anarchy (an-achy) which means "without a ruler, without authority . Anarchism rejects all forms of hierarchical authority, social and economic as well as political. What distinguishes it from other ideologies, however, is the central importance it attaches to the state. To anarchists, the state is a wholly artificial and illegitimate institution, the bastion of privilege and exploitation in the modern world. For this reason anarchism is primarily a movement against hierarchy. Also hierarchy is the organizational structure that embodies authority. Since the state is the "highest" form of hierarchy, anarchists are, by definition, anti-state; but this is not a sufficient definition of anarchism. This means that real anarchists are opposed to all forms of hierarchical organization, not only the state. The "classical" anarchists such as Proudhon, Bakunin and Kropotkin did use the word hierarchy, but preferred "authority,", it's clear from their writings that theirs was a philosophy against hierarchy, against any inequality of power or...

The Doomed Journey of Panfilo de Narvaez in Florida

The Doomed Journey of Panfilo de Narvaez in Florida Panfilo de Narvaez (1470-1528) was born to an upper-class family in Vallenda, Spain. Although he was older than most Spaniards who sought their fortunes in the New World, he nevertheless was extremely active in the early conquest period. He was an important figure in the conquests of Jamaica and Cuba in the years between 1509 and 1512. He acquired a reputation for ruthlessness; Bartolome de Las Casas, who was a chaplain on the Cuba campaign, recounted horrible tales of massacres and chiefs being burned alive. In Pursuit of Cortes In 1518, the governor of Cuba, Diego Velazquez, had sent the young conquistador Hernan Cortes off to Mexico to begin the conquest of the mainland. Velazquez soon regretted his actions, however, and decided to place someone else in charge. He sent Narvaez, with a large force of more than 1,000 Spanish soldiers, to Mexico to take command of the expedition and send Cortes back to Cuba. Cortes, who was in the process of defeating the Aztec Empire, had to leave the recently subdued capital of Tenochtitlan to return to the coast to fight Narvaez. The Battle of Cempoala On May 28, 1520, the forces of the two conquistadores clashed at Cempoala, near present-day Veracruz, and Cortes won. Many of Narvaez’s soldiers deserted before and after the battle, joining Cortes. Narvaez himself was jailed in the port of Veracruz for the next two years, while Cortes retained control of the expedition and the vast wealth that came with it. A New Expedition Narvaez returned to Spain after being released. Convinced that there were more wealthy empires like the Aztecs to the north, he mounted an expedition that was doomed to become one of the most monumental failures in history. Narvaez got permission from King Charles V of Spain to mount an expedition into Florida. He set sail in April 1527 with five ships and about 600 Spanish soldiers and adventurers. Word of the riches earned by Cortes and his men made finding volunteers easy. In April 1528, the expedition landed in Florida, near present-day Tampa Bay. By then, many of the soldiers had deserted, and only about 300 men remained. Narvaez in Florida Narvaez and his men clumsily made their way inland, attacking every tribe they met. The expedition had brought insufficient supplies and survived by pillaging meager Native American storehouses, which caused violent retaliation. The conditions and lack of food caused many in the company to become ill, and within a few weeks, a third of the members of the expedition were severely incapacitated. The going was tough because Florida was then full of rivers, swamps, and forests. The Spanish were killed and picked off by irate natives, and Narvaez made a series of tactical blunders, including frequently dividing his forces and never seeking allies. The Mission Fails The men were dying, picked off individually and in small groups by native attacks. Supplies had run out, and the expedition had alienated every native tribe it had encountered. With no hope to establish any sort of settlement and with no help coming, Narvaez decided to abort the mission and return to Cuba. He had lost touch with his ships and ordered the construction of four large rafts. The Death of Panfilo de Narvaez It is not known for certain where and when Narvaez died. The last man to see Narvaez alive and tell of it was Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, a junior officer of the expedition. He recounted that in their final conversation, he asked Narvaez for help the men on Narvaezs raft were better fed and stronger than those with Cabeza de Vaca. Narvaez refused, basically saying â€Å"every man for himself,† according to Cabeza de Vaca. The rafts were wrecked in a storm and only 80 men survived the sinking of the rafts; Narvaez was not among them. The Aftermath of the Narvaez Expedition The first major incursion into present-day Florida was a complete fiasco. Of the 300 men who landed with Narvaez, only four ultimately survived. Among them was Cabeza de Vaca, the junior officer who had asked for help but received none. After his raft sunk, Cabeza de Vaca was enslaved by a local tribe for several years somewhere along the Gulf Coast. He managed to escape and meet up with three other survivors, and together the four of them returned overland to Mexico, arriving some eight years after the expedition landed in Florida. The animosity caused by the Narvaez expedition was such that it took the Spanish years to establish a settlement in Florida. Narvaez has gone down in history as one of the most ruthless yet incompetent conquistadors of the colonial era.

Civic engagement experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civic engagement experiences - Essay Example Some challenges of public concern can only be addressed when people volunteer to serve the community (Sherrod, Purta and Flanagan 368). After finishing my secondary education, I joined a community group of twenty youths and was appointed the chairman. The agenda for the group was to make an effort of solving some of the challenges faced by members of the community. The community was ignorant about HIV/AIDS and the overall hygiene level was below average. As a group we volunteered to organize seminars to educate fellow youths and parents on the causes, effects had how to prevent HIV/ AIDS. We rallied the members of the community to donate funds for supporting the infected persons and the orphaned children.   The donated funds helped the orphans to continue with studies and the infected to afford better. Through this campaign, many people learnt the dangers of the diseases. The community acknowledged that AIDS has no cure and it prevention is abstaining from immorality and being fait hful in marriage. As a result, the spread for the disease declined.As a team, we volunteered to sensitize the community on the importance of maintaining proper hygiene. We donated laundry products and clothes to the poor members of the community. We conducted general cleaning in the neighboring towns regularly. Our campaign on proper hygiene, helped to reduce the number of ailments caused by dirty environment such as malaria and typhoid.   Ã‚  According to Sherrod, Purta and Flanagan (221), Civic engagement has a lot of benefits to the public.

Financial Investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Investment - Research Paper Example The principles of time value of money and learning its techniques are the most important concepts for the study and application of finance in general. The concept of interest is divided between simple and compound interest. Simple interest is calculated only by taking into consideration the beginning principal. For instance, if an individual invested $1,000 dollars in a savings account at 5% annual interest, the expected return after one year would amount to a $50 gain on investment. The concept of compound interest unlike simple interest which only takes into consideration the interest return of the initial principal investment is determined by taking into consideration not only total interest on the principal, but it also includes any interest gained on the initial investment. In simple terms, compound interest calculations encompass interest on interest. It is of paramount importance for a finance manager to understand and have a through understanding of time value of money concep ts and its impact on the value of an asset at a specific point of time in order to be successful. Present and Future Value of an Investment For a company one of the most important tools in determination in the time value of money analysis for a specific asset is the cash flows time line. The cash flows time line indicates and helps us visualize when the cash flows related to a particular transaction occur in respect to when the transaction originated. Constructing a cash flow time line will help determine how the timing of cash inputs and outputs will affect the day to day operations of the firm. By utilizing the cash flows time line a person can determine the potential future value of an investment today and how the process of compounding interest on the initial investment affects the total value of the initial investment and its aggregate return on the simple interest. In order to calculate the effect of compound interest in an investment a person needs to use the compound interes t formula (Studyfinance). TV = P1 (1+I)^n TV= total value investment value at the end of n periods P1= initial investment I= interest N= number of periods or years Finance textbooks provide the user with future and present compound interest tables. These tables are calculated in order to simplify the process and provide a guideline to the user with help in determining present and future value of any investment. The tables provided are calculated by determining the value of an initial investment for various time periods and interest rates. The opportunity value of an investment is the rate of return on the best investment alternative taking into consideration the available options of equal risk. On the other side of the coin, the compounded present value of an initial investment is calculated by determining the reciprocal amount of compound interest for the same future period (Studyfinance). Another way of visualizing present value of an investment is to adopt a stance where the init ial investment value is determined by the interest rate and time period of the future investment window. For investors present value calculations determine where individuals invest their limited funds taking into consideration their actual financial performance and risks and overall return. For potential investors present

Homosexuality Post War

Homosexuality Post War The Democratisation of Gender after the Sexual Offences Act (1967) and How It Affects Queer Studies E.M. Forsters novel Maurice, written between 1913 and 1914, but not published after his death in 1970, is a seminal work providing a moving, personal portrayal of homosexuality and homophobia in 20th-century England. Exploration of its detailed accounts of attitudes about homosexuals and their various reactions to the discrimination they faced—for instance, denying their homosexuality and marrying; embracing their homosexuality, but discreetly; leaving the country for more open-minded cultures—serves as an excellent starting point for exploring the underlying cultural framework and values which will form the subject matter of this essay. Of no small note is that Forster, whose reputation as a literary genius, believed his own homosexuality too powerful a secret to come out, as it were, until after his death, in a way squandering his own social power and the potential to liberate both himself and other homosexuals. Britain, origin of so much cultural and political vibrancy and of the democratic principles which are now held to be self-evident in modern Western nations, had a particularly difficult time ridding itself of a virulent and persistent form of discrimination: its stubbornly conservative refusal to accept homosexuality and homosexual behaviours into the cultural norm of its society. Indiscreet homosexuals in England of the 20th century could look forward to a life of bigotry and discrimination, to say nothing of financial and personal ruin and imprisonment, as homosexuality was still a criminal offence in England until 1967. â€Å"The limits of the sexually acceptable are still there. Geographical location and economic status significantly affect how free individuals are to choose to be open about their sexual orientation. And some orientations are still problematic.† As the above quotation suggests, the issue of homosexuality remains a divisive issue. This is in spite of forty years passing since the decriminalisation of homosexuality in Britain; forty years that have also witnessed the gay community (both males and females) move in from the margins of mainstream society in order to occupy more powerful positions of authority. This has been meted out in political office, in popular culture and in the global mass media. Yet, in spite of this, there remains at the dawn of the twenty first century a sense that homosexuality is a lifestyle that stands at odds to all that decent society holds dear. Even in the United Kingdom, probably the most secular country in the world, the moral aspect of homosexuality is never far from the surface of the debate over how gay people are supposed to integrate into a predominantly heterosexual sphere. This is the crux of the debate discussed herein. For the purpose of perspective, the following essay must adopt an integrated approach, attempting to synthesise the theoretical and historiographical debates regarding the experiences of gay people in post war Britain. In this way, we can trace the social, political and legal evolution of the democratisation and liberalisation of sexuality and gender in the UK while at the same time offering a critique of the aims and achievements of the gay movement at this time. Furthermore, the continuities and changes of the homosexual landscape in post war Britain can be more accurately depicted amid the relevant academic literature of the times. A conclusion can then be sought that attempts to place the Sexual Offences Act of 1967 within its correct historical and theoretical context. First, however, a brief overview of this Act of Parliament must be ascertained so as to establish a conceptual framework for the remainder of the discussion. The Sexual Offences Act that was passed by Westminster in 1967 was a landmark piece of legislation that sought to address the harsh legal inequalities between homosexual and heterosexual people with regards to their private lives and the way in which these private lives were dictated by the public and political sphere. The impetus behind the reform of laws pertaining to homosexuality in the United Kingdom came from the Wolfendon Report, which was commissioned in 1957 to highlight the essential differences between crime and sin. Essentially, while society and the manufacturing of cultural consensus may indeed have deemed homosexuality as a sin (or a sickness) to equate it with criminality was deemed in many circles to be anachronistic and blight against post war British civilisation and its values. This is an important point and one that ought to be borne in mind throughout the discussion: the 1967 Sexual Offences Act marked the first serious attempt at the legal decriminalisation of homosexuality in the United Kingdom since the Buggery Act of 1533 when the British state first sought to wrest the issue of gay coupling away from the ecclesiastical courts and into the legal courts of the realm. Viewed through this prism, the 1967 Sexual Offences Act can be seen to be a symptom of the broader civil rights movement of the 1960s which oversaw the criminalisation of inequality relating to gender, race, creed and religion in all of the major countries of the western hemisphere. The Act could not have come about without there first having been in place the existence of liberal youth culture that was able to use the tools available within a democratic state in order to lobby the political establishment for social and cultural reform. Thus, although the Act itself has since been open to charges of hypocrisy (the result of the Act witnessed an increase rather than a decrease in the numbers of arrests of gay men for breaking the new law) and prejudice (the Act clearly and identifiably differentiates between homosexual and heterosexual people with regards to the ‘age of consent with twenty one being used for gay people in comparison to sixteen for straight people) it should nevertheless still be seen as an important milestone in the evolution of a more egalitarian British society. Certainly, in legal terms, 1967 must be seen as the starting point of any discussion with regards to the democratisation of homosexuality in post war Britain as before the advent of the Sexual Offences Act homosexual acts were seen as essentially criminal activities and therefore placed outside of the bounds of the rules, regulations and customs of decent, civilised society. Therefore, while mainstream culture and the political establ ishment may well have both publicly and privately continued to denounce homosexuality in all its forms as a sin (and preferred to keep homosexuality firmly outside of the realms of civilised society), the removal of the spectre of a criminal offence telegraphed a major turning point in the way in which gay people were viewed and treated in post war Britain. Furthermore, without the Act, the subsequent achievements of the gay movement in the UK would never have been able to begin to take place as the legal framework in which the gay movement lobbied for reform during the 1970s and 1980s would not have existed. Democratisation of sexuality in post war Britain thus begins in 1967. However, as suggested above, the 1967 Sexual Offences Act has left itself open (particularly within the gay community) to claims of being as an essentially conservative measure that was only passed due to reasons of political expediency as opposed to the political establishment in Britain actually wishing to see a tangible democratisation of sexuality. By establishing such a high age of consent for gay couples, the Act only served to cement the social stigma associated with homosexuality because after this point it was seen by law in Britain to be a coupling that was deemed unsuitable (and illegal) for young people to engage in. Considering that the teenage years are the most important stage of sexual development in both males and females, the high age of consent deliberately aimed to restrict the practice of homosexuality amongst the very demographic that would be most likely to engage in ‘experimental sexuality. This only increased the sordid image of homosexuals in Britain a t the time, implying that adult homosexual men were in some way intent upon ‘grooming young males to join their own sexual brand of subculture. Viewed through this prism, the Sexual Offences Act can be seen to be a positive legal step but likewise a negative cultural step. The increase in the number of arrests of gay men in the years that immediately followed 1967 should be seen as testimony to this ultimate perpetuation of inequality pertaining to sexuality which was the socio-political residue of the Sexual Offences Act. In this way, the myth of the permissive society was established to satisfy the libertarian ideology of the left wing of the political elite. The satisfaction and status of gay people, on the other hand, seems not to have been a consideration concerning the passing of this landmark piece of domestic legislation. In specific terms of the evolution of queer theory, the 1967 Sexual Offences Act can be seen to have helped to create fertile grounds for the blossoming of the domestic and international gay rights movement because of the way in which the Act of Parliament served to legally solidify the differences between homosexual and heterosexual people. This sense of marginalisation from mainstream society was aided by the Stonewall Riots which took place in New York City in 1969 in response to police brutality against homosexual and transgender people at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village. This episode provided the impetus behind the formation of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) which was established in July 1969, quickly becoming a trans-national phenomenon that deeply influenced the gay rights movement in the UK. The cumulative result of the prejudices legalised in the 1967 Sexual Offences Act in addition to the prejudices brutally realised in New York City in the Stonewall Riots was to con struct a gay movement that was both durable and international. Furthermore, the perceived injustices of the 1960s also served to ally the lesbian and gay movements so that one tangible homosexual community was evident by the turn of the decade in both Europe and the United States of America. This time period was therefore a crucial moment in the development of queer theory in post war Britain. However, it can be argued that by forming a global gay movement that judged membership with the movement in terms of sexual identity, international movements such as the Gay Liberation Front succeeded only in affirming the divisions put forward by measures like the Sexual Offences Act. Queer theory, from the outset, was intent upon challenging the mainstream socio-political status quo by using means that were essentially counter productive in light of the gay movements arguments that gender and sexual identity was not ‘fixed or compartmentalised according to ones sexuality but was in fact much more fluid and interchangeable. Indeed, queer theorists have since argued that the compartmentalisation of gender is likewise flawed with Anne Fausto-Sterling arguing that â€Å"male and female are not enough.† By separating ‘them'(heterosexuals) from ‘us (homosexuals and transsexuals) the queer movement merely served to corroborate the fragmented vision of mainstream s ociety and to further alienate homosexuality from mainstream culture and, as a result, to condemn queer theory to a discernible subculture status. Consequently, the 1967 Sexual Offences Act taken within the broader context of the worldwide civil rights movement of the 1960s can be seen to be an important milestone within the evolution of queer theory as not only did politicised society initiate a clear dividing line between the homosexual and the heterosexual communities but also the homosexual community itself was largely responsible after this point for perpetuating this divide. In the final analysis therefore, it is difficult to envisage this development as positive or progressive. Indeed, as Michael Botnick demonstrates below, this lack of awareness on both sides of the historical debate resulted in a discernible lack of consensus by the turn of the millennium. â€Å"The lack of open-mindedness toward complex and graduated positions makes it difficult to obtain a full hearing of the issues, especially if those issues are value laden and cognitively dissonant to the audience (generally the public at large, the state, major corporations or other mega-organisations such as the media.)† At this point in the discussion, attention must move away from the historiographic look at the formation of the gay rights movement within the context of the late 1960s to turn instead towards analysis of queer theory in post war twentieth century Britain. As has already been intimated, the evolution of queer theory in the UK is intrinsically tied to the advent of the Sexual Offences Act of 1967. The injustices conceptualised in this Act served to galvanise the gay community amid the broader backdrop of a civil rights movement that was established in order to attempt to attain parity on the grounds of race, religion and gender as well as parity on the grounds of sexuality. This wider multicultural influence is the key to understanding how the doctrine of queer theory in post war Britain quickly became divorced from the social, cultural and political reality of maintaining a subcultural movement within the context of a liberal democracy. It is certainly no coincidence that the guiding principle of queer theory was inherently similar to the guiding principle of the other civil rights movements of the epoch: all highlighted the fallacy of using identity (be it sexual, racial, religious or gender) as a means of organising political society. All of these movements should therefore be viewed as part of a wider post-structuralist theory which advocated the end of identity based upon gender, sexuality, race and religion in favour of adopting a more egalitarian approach. In this way, post-structuralist theory was keen to destroy the link between â€Å"dominant western forms of rationality with male power and control over women and nature, which is associated with violence, oppression and destruction.† Queer theory should be seen as an important part of this desire to deconstruct male-ordered politicised society and to reconstruct this society not along lines pertaining to identity but along lines pertaining to humanity instead. In terms of results, the deconstruction of male-centric society can be seen to have had a positive impact upon the fusion of homosexual and heterosexual cultures in post war Britain, certainly after the 1980s when the AIDS epidemic in the United States quickly became a worldwide manifestation of what Stan Cohen had in the 1970s referred to as ‘moral panic disseminated by an increasingly powerful global mass media apparatus. Whereas the 1970s and the 1980s can be seen as a historical period of continuity with regards to the perpetuation of sexuality-based injustices in Britain, the 1990s on the other hand can be interpreted as a period of change when the barriers constructed by male-ordered mainstream society were slowly, yet clearly being eroded in o bvious ways. Politicians, for instance, in the 1990s were no longer punished in any tangible electoral way for being ‘outed as homosexual. The briefly successful New Labour career of Peter Mandelson is testimony to this development. Likewise in popular culture where international stars such as George Michael (who was afraid to admit his sexuality in the 1980s) have been able to thrive in both the heterosexual and homosexual spheres regardless of their own sexual preferences since the 1990s. The turn of the millennium also witnessed a legal progression concerning gay people and their civil rights with amendments to the Sexual Offences Act (passed in 2003) in Britain eventually giving rise to parity with heterosexual people with regards to the age of consent. Indeed, it can be argued that the 2003 Sexual Offences Amendment Act is as fundamental and extensive as the changes which were telegraphed when the Theft Act (1968) replaced the outmoded Larceny Act (1916). In the UK in the twenty first century the age of consent for both heterosexual and homosexual people is at last set at sixteen, finally putting to an end the decades-long association of homosexuality with perversity and social abnormality. Yet, appearances can be deceptive. While the 1990s and the first decade of the twenty first century may appear to be the dawn of a new era of equality with regards to gender and sexuality, the reality may in fact be better understood as a period of continuity with the perceived advances of gay people during this time being nothing more than a mirage as male-dominated society continues to give piecemeal concessions to those marginalised elements of post modern culture in order to maintain the faà §ade of a permissive contemporary society. â€Å"It seems were an altogether more open, more tolerant, sexier society and its getting better all the time. Or is it? Is mainstream culture just flirting with a bit of the other in order to keep us all on a broadly straight line?† This sense of duplicity inherent concerning queer theory and socio-political reality in the contemporary era has served to render queer theory a doctrine of continuing importance in western culture. Contemporary gender theorists such as Judith Butler (whos book Gender Trouble was published in 1990 selling over 100 000 copies internationally) directly challenged the notion of gender (and indeed sexuality) as a means of cultural identity, going so far as to cite the creation of international feminism as the reason behind womens continuing experience of inequality. Butler thus called for a re-evaluation of queer theory in light of the mistakes made by the various civil, gender and sexual rights movements of the 1960s. â€Å"The domains of political and linguistic ‘representation set out in advance the criterion by which subjects themselves are formed, with the result that representation is extended only to what can be acknowledged as a subject. In other words, the qualifications for being a subject must first be met before representation can be extended.† Butlers theory remains a cornerstone for queer theory in post war Britain as the travails of the womens since the passing of the Sex Discrimination Act in 1964 largely mirrors the troubles of the gay movement since the inception of the Sexual Offences Act in 1967. As a result there is a large body of academic literature available that is dedicated to queer theory and to placing contemporary queer theory within the historiographical context of the gay experience in the past forty years. Much of the commentary bequeathed by this body of literature tends to underscore the essential continuity that characterises the development of sexuality in Britain (and indeed throughout the West) since the 1960s. Jeffrey Weeks, for example, sees this continuity as a symptom of contemporary societys inability to comprehend sexuality within its correct (and complex) historical context. â€Å"There is a struggle for the future of sexuality. But the ways we respond to this have been coloured by the force of the accumulated historical heritage and sexual traditions out of which we have come: the Christian organisation of belief in sex as sacramental and threatening, the libertarian belief of sex as subversive, the liberal belief of sex as source of identity and personal resource, all rooted in a melange of religious, scientific and sexological arguments about what sex is, what it can do and what we must or must not do. We are weighed down with a universe of expectations. Sexuality could be a potentiality for choice, change and diversity. Instead we take it as destiny, and all of us, women and men, homosexual and heterosexual, young and old, black and white, are held in its thrall, and pay its expensive dues.† Weeks succinct observations quoted above could quite feasibly have featured in his best selling book, Coming Out (originally published in 1977) such is the lack of tangible progress made by mainstream society in the authors view. This is entirely due to the fact that the vast majority of society has managed to evade the true nature of the issue where sexuality is neither a ‘choice nor a ‘cross to bear but is instead a complex fusion of the two. Weeks concludes that it is the very absence of a ‘right or ‘wrong answer with regards to the definition of sexuality that makes mainstream society unable to adequately confront the issue of homosexuality even at the start of the twenty first century. Of course, the issue of homosexuality has been greatly affected by the rise in significance (at least in cultural terms) of bisexuality. Not only has bisexuality served to confuse the majority of mainstream society (in so much as mainstream society has been instructed to think in terms of black and white; right and wrong) about the nature of homosexuality, the advent of bi-theory has telegraphed a schism in queer theory. Indeed, it is a common view of the bisexual community that traditional queer theory â€Å"can be understood as a particularly virulent strain of the disease affecting contemporary theory more generally, especially in so far as it addresses sexuality as a central concern in the guise of ‘queer theory.† Thus, the very term ‘queer is seen, ironically, as an exclusive phrase that implies that bisexual people, on account of their continuing sexual association with heterosexual people, are intrinsically more allied to straight culture than they are to the homosexual community. This schism mirrors the divide in the feminist movement when a more radical ‘second wave of feminism â€Å"drew, in the first instance, upon the theoretical writings of lesbian feminism in the early 1970s† only for the lesbian feminist community to later accuse the heterosexual feminist community of ‘betrayal on the grounds that straight women continued to participate in sexual activity and engage in what Pateman terms ‘sexual contracts with men in the guise of sex, marriage, home and family. Further confusion has been added to this maelstrom with the advent of trans-theory and the increasing legal and political recognition of trans-gender people, which has clearly impacted upon the evolution of queer theory in post war Britain. Jason Cromwell sees this development as â€Å"making the visible invisible†, which is in direct opposition to the principles of the gay community which has historically intended to make the invisible visible. In addition there are not surprisingly critics from the straight mainstream culture who see queer theory as a barrier (rather than a facilitator) to a greater democratisation of sexuality in the contemporary era. Critics argue that queer studies places too much emphasis upon differentiation which, in turn, elevates the status of the gay and lesbian experience to a position that is over and above its true worth within the broader sphere of cultural studies. This only serves to increase the gulf between the ‘included and the ‘excluded members of society. Furthermore, queer theory has been challenged in a more direct way as critics argue the primacy of the queer belief that sexuality is not ‘fixed. Tim Edwards, for example, has recently argued that sexual identity is in fact much more rigid and compartmentalised than queer theory suggests. Edwards does not agree with the assumptions made by, amongst others, Judith Butler and David Gauntlett who both show how, for ins tance, the media has helped to solidify the construction of identity based upon gender and sexuality respectively. Instead he argues that in real terms gender and sexual identity does not only exist at the level of discourse (as argued by Butler) but instead exists as â€Å"an institutional social practice.† It can be seen that queer theory and its discontents have historically argued over ideological terrain pertaining to sexuality, gender and identity with a discernible lack of consensus emerging from the ensuing theoretical debates. It is also noticeable that the Sexual Offences Act of 1967 remains largely conspicuous by its absence from the vast majority of this theoretical debate with regards to queer theory in post war Britain. Where the Act is mentioned, it tends to be referred to as a piecemeal political measure that â€Å"proved repeatedly unsuccessful, largely because of popular mobilisation against restrictive changes.† Even in legal terms, the Sexual Offences Act of 1967 remains open to charges of being a draconian, anachronistic measure by contemporary queer theory as it was still deemed a criminal offence for people under the age of twenty one to engage in homosexual activity. This only served to criminalise the essential experimentalism inherent in young people of b oth sexes and to perpetuate the association of homosexuality as a sordid and sinful affair. A more important watershed date according to post war queer theorists was the 1980s and the advent of the AIDS epidemic. Beginning on the west coast of the United States and quickly transferring over the Atlantic to Britain and Western Europe, the AIDS epidemic was an epidemic more in terms of the effect that it had upon mainstream, straight culture than the medical effect that the virus had upon the human race. Looking back on the media texts and images of the time, one can certainly see how the disease was blown out of all proportion to its true danger. Furthermore, it is plain to see that this was due to the sexual nature of the illness and, specifically, the fact that it had begun in the gay community. Once more, therefore, gay men were accused of leading a hedonistic lifestyle the lack of the practice of safe sex being the starting point for the spreading of the disease. The AIDS epidemic also served to re-ignite traditional Christian doctrine that was and remains vehemently opposed to the legalisation and democratisation of homosexuality. Hard-line Christian activists even went so far as to claim that the AIDS virus was Gods punishment to all society for allowing gay people the right to practice their sordid sexuality in mainstream culture. The combined effect of this hysteria served to make the 1980s as opposed to 1967 the key date in queer theory in post war Britain. As Jeffrey Weeks declares, â€Å"the homophobia that was encouraged by AIDS demanded, and in fact greatly strengthened, lesbian and gay identities.† With this in mind, attention must now be turned towards reaching a conclusion as to the significance of 1967 within the broader discussion of the democratisation of sexuality in post war Britain. â€Å"That some people have decided preferences does not seem to be in doubt. What is now fast disappearing is the myriad of ways in which various human societies have managed to cope with the fact.† As Naphy aptly suggests, the rate at which homosexuality has been integrated into mainstream culture should be judged within the much wider context of western civilisation over the past two thousand years as opposed to the forty years that have passed since the inception of the Sexual Offences Act in 1967. Ultimately, although progress concerning the democratisation of homosexuality may have met many obstacles in a variety of different guises be they legal, political, social, religious or cultural there cannot be any doubt that the gay community landscape has changed beyond all recognition in Britain since the end of the 1960s. Moreover, it would be difficult to launch an argument against 1967 being the key year within this evolution of queer theory in modern Britain as this was the date that marked the beginning of the solidification of a trans-national gay movement as well as the end of the historical marginalisation of homosexuals within the broader context of mainstream society . The fact that the fruits of this dual, spontaneous realisation did not immediately materialise in the form of a democratisation of sexuality should not be seen as a great surprise. Like the womens movement of the same era, there can be little doubt that the legal measures passed by parliament such as the Sex Discrimination Act served only to halt the advance of womens rights as the movement inevitably splintered on matters pertaining to race, ideology and increasingly sexuality. In this way, the lesbian agenda became increasingly divorced from the mainstream feminist agenda in the same way that the bisexual agenda has become noticeably more antagonistic towards queer theory and the homosexual community. It can be argued that this is nothing more than an inevitable by-product of a post-industrial capitalist society that has made a cultural and economic commodity of sex and sexuality to such a degree as to destabilise the solidarity of the global gay and womens movements worldwide. T hus, being a political as well as a sexual activity, homosexuality has been (and will remain) both historically and theoretically deeply influenced by the social, political and economic environment in which it is culturally defined. Bibliography Botnick, M.R. Gay Community Survival in the New Millennium. New York and London: The Haworth Press, 2000. Butler, J. Gender Trouble. Hammondsworth: Penguin Classics, 2006. Cohen, S. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. London: Paladin, 1973. Cromwell, J. Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders and Sexualities. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999 Edwards, T. â€Å"Queer Fears: Against the Cultural Turn.† Journal of Sexualities. Vol. 1, No.4, 2004. Eisenstein, H. Contemporary Feminist Thought. London: Unwin, 1984. Fausto-Sterling, A. The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female are not Enough. Kimmel, M.S. (Ed.) Sexualities: Identities, Behaviours and Society. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Gauntlett, D. Media, Gender and Identity: an Introduction. London: Routledge, 2002. Hall, L.A. Sex, Gender and Social Change in Britain since 1880. London: Macmillan, 2000. Kimmel, M.S. (Ed.) Sexualities: Identities, Behaviours and Society. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004 Naphy, W. Born to be Gay: a History of Homosexuality. London: Tempus, 2004. Pateman, C. The Sexual Contract. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988. Spargo, T. Foucault and Queer Theory. London: Icon, 1999. Storr, M. â€Å"Post-modern Bisexuality.† Weeks, J., Holland, J. and Waites, M. (Eds.) Sexualities and Society: A Reader. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002. Weedon, C. Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Theory. Oxford and New York: Blackwell, 1987. Weeks, J. â€Å"Necessary Fictions: Sexual Identities and the Politics of Diversity.† Weeks, J., Holland, J. and Waites, M. (Eds.) Sexualities and Society: A Reader Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002. Weeks, J. Coming Out. London: Quartet Books, 1977. Weeks, J. Sexuality and its Discontents: Meaning, Myths and Modern Sexualities. London: Routledge, 1995. Homosexualities in Post War Britain: The Democratisation of Gender after the Sexual Offences Act (1967) and How It Affects Queer Studies Core Course: Gender and Society in Britain and Europe, c.1500 to the Present

Project Development and Control

1. Be able to identify the Components of project stage and lifecycle1.1. Main processes in the lifecycle of the project:Initiation –starting up the project; defining its purpose and scope; justification for initiating it and the solution to be implemented. Planning –defining organisational structure of the project; appointing the project team; defining the activities and mutual relationships, risks and criteria for a successful implementation of these actions; identifying stakeholders. Execution –the most important phase from the aspect of project results; execution and coordination of activities defined in the planning phase. Control –very often combined with the execution phase (2 most important phases); detecting mistakes incurred during implementation; suggesting corrective actions. Closing –analysis of the results; final project statements; identifying level of project success and noting down any lessons learned for future projects.Picture 1. G eneral Project Model1.2. Processes in the lifecycle in the project â€Å"Revitalization of the Grand Backa Canal†:Phase 1 – The territory of the Municipality Vrbas faces a big problem because â€Å"The Grand Backa Canal†, which runs through the municipality, is extremely polluted from the wastewater discharged into the canal nearby factories. Also, the canal is no longer navigable. Heavily polluted by unprocessed industrial and communal wastewaters, the canal today is a lifeless stream of poisons, including heavy metals. Due to contamination of the canal the whole environment, especially in a place where canal runs through the municipality of Vrbas is destroyed.Revitalisation of the canal is essential for Vrbas municipality and the whole environment. The solution for this problem is to  stop further pollution and to clean up and revitalize the canal and the area around it. Management of the Vrbas municipality organized a meeting with the topic – the con tamination of the canal. They noted the disastrous situation and agreed to start a project for revitalization of the Grand Backa canal.Phase 2 – The project manager is appointed. He formed a project team and organized a meeting to discuss the issues of this project. The project manager and his team defined the project objectives. Objectives of the project are contained in the following activities: Activity 1 – to build a plant in the factories to treat wastewater before it is discharged into the canal; Activity 2 – to purify the canal from sludge;Activity 3 – to provide sports and recreational facilities in addition to the Grand Backa canal. It was decided which software will be used to define activities, their duration, resources and costs of the project. Gantt chart will present activities, their duration and interdependence. The project duration is determined.The plan of periodical reporting on the project and monitoring of the project implementation i s defined, and the stakeholders are identified in the meeting. Phase 3 – in the implementation phase all activities that are planned in the phase 2 are carried out. All resources needed for the execution of the project are recruited. The processes of monitoring and control are also part of this phase in order to prevent delays in the implementation of the activities.The project manager is periodically checking whether the project goes according to a predefined plan, by using the software and through the meetings with his team. Close monitoring of each activity during implementation is important factor in this phase which helps to minimize a potential risks in delays of particular activities. Phase 4 – in the closing phase of the project level of project success will be identified. On the basis of final reports, results achieved will be compared with the planned results.1.3. Projects and operational management:Operations are an organisational function performing the on- going execution  of activities that produce the same product or provide a repetitive service. Examples include: production operations, manufacturing operations, and accounting operations. Though temporary in nature, projects can help achieve the organisational goals when they are aligned with the organisation ´s strategy.Organisations sometimes change their operations, products or systems by creating strategic business initiatives. Projects require project management while operations require business process management or operations management. Projects can intersect with operations at various points during the product life cycle, such as:At each closeout phase; When developing a new product, upgrading a product or expanding outputs; Improvement of operations or the product development process; or Until the divestment of the operations at the end of the product life cycle.At each point, deliverables and knowledge are transferred between the project and operations for implementat ion of the delivered work. This occurs through a transfer of project resources to operations toward the end of the project, or through a transfer of operational resources to the project at the start.Operations are permanent endeavours that produce repetitive outputs, with resources assigned to do basically the same set of tasks according to the standards institutionalized in a product life cycle. Unlike the on-going nature of operations, projects are temporary endeavours.2. Be able to describe project methodologies and their application2.1. The project methodology Project Management Methodology is a strictly defined combination of logically related practices, methods and processes that determine how best to plan, develop, control and deliver a project throughout the continuous implementation process until successful completion and termination. It is a scientifically-proven, systematic and disciplined approach to project design, execution and completion.The purpose of project methodo logy is to allow for controlling the entire management process through effective  decision making and problem solving, while ensuring the success of specific processes, approaches, techniques, methods and technologies. Typically, a methodology provides a skeleton for describing every step in depth, so that a project manager will know what to do in order to deliver and implement the work according to the schedule, budget and client specification. Referring to the mentioned definition, an appropriately chosen project management methodology paves the way for gaining the following achievements: The needs of stakeholders are definedA common â€Å"language† is established and understood by the team, so they know what’s expected of them Cost estimates are complete, accurate and credible Every task is done using a common methodological approach Most conflicts are spotted and resolved early Expected deliverables are produced and handed over Lessons are learned and solutions a re quickly implementedHere’s a simplified example of how a project methodology can be presented in the management hierarchical structure:Picture 2. PM framework In the Picture 2. can be seen that PM Framework precedes Methodology which in turn precedes Lifecycle Stages and determines the project management Processes, Tasks and Activities. 2.2. Project scope, project duration, objectives, stakeholder and possible restrictions on the project â€Å"Revitalisation of the Grand Backa Canal†: Project scopeGrand Backa Canal which runs through the municipality of Vrbas is an example of the worst environmental hot spot and one of the most polluted water streams in Europe thus, the direct environmental benefit of its revitalisation is quite obvious. More important is the fact that the Grand Backa Canal represents a serious health risk for the local people that also has significant adverse social as well as economic impacts on further development of the region.Environmental and h uman health hazard existing in Vrbas is not acceptable and it demands urgent action. The intention of this project is to find a solution for cleaning up and revitalisation of the  heavily polluted Grand Backa Canal. Before the clean-up can start, the imperative is to stop further pollution to ensure the sustainability of the entire project. Project duration16 months i.e. 01 December 2011 – 01 April 2013.Project objectives The project team defined the following project objectives: 1. Building a plant in the factories that treated wastewater before it is discharged into the Canal; 2. Purifying the Canal from sludge; 3. Providing sports and recreational facilities in addition to the Grand Backa Canal. At all three objectives, the activities are defined which will contribute to realisation of goals and projects.StakeholdersMany stakeholders are involved and have a vested interest in the project â€Å"Revitalisation of the Grand Backa Canal†. The key stakeholders are: Man agement of the municipality of Vrbas, Project manager and project team, Managers of factories that discharge waste water, Public-utility company Water of Vojvodina, Locals and the Community. Possible restrictions on the projectPossible restrictions are closely associated with the deadlines and the issues that may arise in the course of implementation of the project. If the deadlines are not met it will cause delays in the implementation of the activities, the expenses will be increased and therefor the realisation will deviate from the plan. The time dimension is one of the most important elements during the realisation of the project.2.3. Fundamentals of businesses to support a project.The basic elements for successful implementation of a project are: Goals must be clearly defined. Each project has its goal that should be achieved. A clearly defined project goal will help to determine necessary activities for its successful realisation. Deadlines are important elements that should help the project activities to be implemented within a timeframe. Good planning is the basis for successful project implementation. The basic elements of the project: time, costs and resources, must be carefully planned in order to achieve project objectives. Resources necessary for project realization are mainly: people, finances, equipment, all kinds of materials etc.Without adequate resources it is not possible to accomplish the project in its scope or planned time, therefor it is important to use the resources optimally for the successful completion of the project tasks. Organisational structure is an important element for project implementation because it determines responsibility, authorization and position of the project manager. Software tools can help project management to be much more efficient and effective. Information & control systems have a basic task to collect data and monitor project implementation. 3. Be able to implement and evaluate the personal development plan 3.1. Project planOne of the critical factors for project success is having a well-developed project plan. It provides a roadmap for project managers to follow and it is the project manager ´s premier communications and control tool throughout the project. The project plan can be defined as a formal, approved document used to guide both project execution and project control. The primary uses of the project plan are to document planning assumptions and decisions, facilitate communication among stakeholders, and document approved scope, cost, and schedule baselines. A project plan may be summarized or detailed. Components of the project plan include:Baselines. Baselines are sometimes called performance measures, because the performance of the entire project is measured against them. They are the project's three approved starting points and include the scope, schedule, and cost baselines. These provide the ‘stakes in the ground.' That is, they are used to determine whether or no t the project is on track, during the execution of the project. Baseline management plans. These plans include documentation on how variances to the baselines will be handled throughout the project.Each project baseline will need to be reviewed and managed. A result of this process may include the need to do additional planning, with the possibility that the baseline(s) will change. Project management plans document what the project team will do when variances to the baselines occur, including what process will be followed, who will be notified, how  the changes will be funded, etc. Other work products from the planning process. These include a risk management plan, a quality plan, a procurement plan, a staffing plan, and a communications plan.3.2. Potential risks to the project of revitalisation of the Grand Backa Canal. Ways to reduce or eliminate risks:All projects share a range of features which inevitably introduce uncertainty. Factors found in all projects which make them in herently risky include: uniqueness, complexity, assumptions and constraints, people, stakeholders, change. These risky characteristics are built into the nature of all projects and cannot be removed without changing the project. It is undoubtedly true that projects are risky as a result of their common characteristics, by deliberate design, and because of the external environment within which they are undertaken.It is impossible to imagine a project without risk. Of course some projects will be high-risk, while others have less risk, but all projects are by definition risky to some extent. The important thing is not to keep risk out of project, but to ensure that the inevitable risk associated with every project is at a level which is acceptable to the sponsoring organisation, and is effectively managed. This of course is why risk management is such an important part of effective project management: since all projects are exposed to risk, successful projects are the ones where that risk is properly managed.Potential risks to the project of revitalisation of the Grand Backa Canal: Failure in implementation of project tasks which can cause delays in the implementation of the main three activities of the project. Mitigation:application of Gantt chart which will present activities, their duration, and interdependence. Also, the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) will define the full scope of the project, to ensure that this is clearly stated and understood, and to form a basis for project control and monitoring. Budget increase during the implementation of the project as a consequence of delays in carrying out of individual tasks.Mitigation:budget item named Contingency which will be determined in a certain percentage compared to the total project budget to be used to cover unforeseen expenditures. Lack of cooperation by the factories which discharge the wastewater. Mitigation:clearly defined roles of all stakeholders of the project which  will be indicated in the a greement signed by all relevant parties. Unsustainability of the project. Mitigation:it is important that the factors that affect sustainability of the project are articulated well and incorporated , as far as possible, at the beginning stage. Later, the same factors can be followed up through monitoring.3.3. Strategy for monitoring the implementation of the projectGood management practices include regular monitoring on both short- and long-term basis. An effective monitoring process provides on-going, systematic information that strengthens project implementation. The monitoring process provides an opportunity to: a) Compare implementation efforts with original goals and targets, b) Determine whether sufficient progress is being made toward achieving expected results, c) Determine whether the time schedule is observed.Implementation together with monitoring show how important it is to work with indicators and SMART targets from the very beginning of the project implementation An ef fective monitoring and reporting system ideally includes the following elements: Clearly articulated targets and a set of indicators to measure performance; A schedule and set of guidelines for all responsible parties to report to each other; An opportunity for responsible parties and stakeholders to periodically meet to coordinate actions and review each other ´s performance;A link between the evaluation reports and progress achieved in the field. It is crucial to define the monitoring process in the project plan. Depending on the project duration and the budget involved, periodical reporting on the project progress should be defined at the beginning (quarterly, semi-annual, annual). A project manager is responsible for close monitoring of the project implementation, including timely appraisal of the reports and field visits to be able to monitor the work processes.